Application of niobium sheet in superconducting materials and magnets technology
1. Particle accelerators and nuclear fusion devices
1.1 Niobium-titanium (Nb-Ti) and niobium-tristin (NB-SN) superconducting alloys
Niobium-titanium superconducting alloy sheet: This alloy is one of the most widely used superconducting materials. It has A high critical temperature (about 9.5K), and can transmit current density up to 10⁵A/cm² (4.2K) in a 5T (50,000 Gauss) magnetic field when operating at liquid helium temperature, and the maximum application field can reach 10T (100,000 Gauss). The processing technology of this alloy is mature, and it can be made into superconducting wire and strip by traditional melting, processing and heat treatment processes. It is widely used in large particle accelerators in high energy physics experiments, such as the large cyclotron High Energy accelerator.
Nb-sn superconducting alloy: This alloy has a higher critical magnetic field and is suitable for applications with higher magnetic field strength. Its unique A15 phase crystal structure makes it exhibit excellent superconducting properties under high magnetic fields. However, due to its brittleness, the processing process is relatively complex, and it is usually used in the magnetic field environment of 10T to 20T.
1.2 Applications in particle accelerators
Large Hadron Collider: In the upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, niobium tritin magnets are used to boost the strength of the magnetic field. These magnets are able to provide higher magnetic field strength, thereby improving the performance of particle accelerators, allowing particles to reach higher energies. The use of niobium tri-tin magnet significantly improves the efficiency and stability of the accelerator.
Other particle accelerators: Niobium superconducting cavity is a key component in the new generation of particle accelerators, with good operational stability and high efficiency.
1.3 Applications in nuclear fusion devices
International Thermonuclear Experiment Reactor Project: The project uses niobium based superconducting coils to achieve controlled nuclear fusion. Niobium-titanium and niobium-tritin superconducting materials have been used to manufacture high-field magnets in nuclear fusion devices because of their excellent superconducting properties. These magnets are capable of generating powerful magnetic fields that are used to restrain high-temperature plasma, enabling nuclear fusion reactions. The high electrical conductivity and magnetic field carrying capacity of niobium superconducting materials enable nuclear fusion devices to operate more efficiently and reduce energy loss.
Application of niobium sheet in superconducting materials
Manufacturing process: The manufacturing process of niobium-titanium and niobium-tritin superconducting materials has its own characteristics. Niobium titanium alloy sheet can be made into superconducting wire and strip by traditional melting, processing and heat treatment processes, which is suitable for large-scale production. The niobium tristin alloy needs to be manufactured by powder metallurgy, diffusion welding and other complex processes to ensure its performance under high magnetic fields.
Construction of superconducting magnets: In particle accelerators and nuclear fusion devices, superconducting magnets usually consist of multiple layers of superconducting coils. These coils are kept in a superconducting state by special cooling systems, such as liquid helium. Niobium-titanium and niobium-tritin superconducting wires are wound into coils and then encapsulated in high-strength structural materials to withstand the enormous mechanical stresses generated by high magnetic fields.
Application of superconducting cavity: In particle accelerators, niobium superconducting cavity is one of the key components. These cavities are typically made of high-purity niobium sheets, and their structural integrity and superconducting properties are ensured through complex machining processes such as electron beam welding. Niobium superconducting cavities need to be kept at extremely low temperatures (close to absolute zero) during operation in order to maintain their superconducting state.
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